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What is laughter?
Human laughter is very common, and seems to be a response of some kind. We understand the physical process of laughter as comprising an inhalation followed by a short exhalation in which air flows at high pressure through the larynx and out from it into the surrounding atmosphere. The result is that vibrations are produced which can be heard as sound, with higher pitch corresponding to more rapid vibration rates.
The perceived sound of laughter, however, is not the only thing conveyed by it: an emotional state seems to be implied as well. In humans there are several phenomena with similar (but distinct) functions which seem related to laughter but lack its distinctive quality. These include smiling and crying.
Smiling can be explained as a process involving muscular contraction of the facial muscles, resulting in an expression which is typically seen as conveying positive emotion. It usually accompanies laughter and other emotional expressions.
Crying is also a process involving muscular contraction of the facial muscles, resulting in an expression typically seen as conveying negative emotion. It usually accompanies laughter and other emotional expressions.
Humans use laughter and smiling to communicate various things, such as happiness, relief from stress and danger, or dominance. There are other non-linguistic ways of expressing emotions in humans: laughing alone can convey many different things.
Humans sometimes laugh at inappropriate times, and some things which are intended to be taken seriously can cause laughter. It is also true that humans do not always make these distinctions consistently.