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How does energy relate to mass?
Energy and mass are concepts which apply to all matter in the universe. All matter has energy, but only some types of matter have mass. Mass is a measure of gravitational attraction that an object has. The more massive it is, the more gravity it attracts.
How much mass an object has depends on the amount of energy it has. This is because all matter in the universe consists of atoms, and atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons have a negative electrical charge while protons have a positive electrical charge; these two charges cancel each other out so that all atomic matter is electrically neutral.
Neutrons have no electrical charge but they do possess mass. All atoms are made of protons and neutrons, so every atom has a small amount of gravitational attraction because neutrons have mass.
The more protons and neutrons an atom has, the more mass it will have. This means that a helium atom with two protons and two neutrons has twice the amount of mass than a hydrogen atom which only contains one proton. The principle subatomic particles are electrons (negatively charged), protons (positively charged) and neutrons.
Mass is a measure of how much matter something has. For example, the Earth has more mass than the Moon because it contains more atoms and therefore more protons and neutrons. However, if you compare their volumes then the planet Jupiter would have a greater mass than all four planets in our solar system combined.
The Earth is also made of different types of atoms, which contain different amounts of protons and neutrons. Therefore the planets have different masses even though they consist of similar number of atoms.