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How do "Cognitive Biases" relate to Fallacies?
A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations, and can occur across cultural boundaries. Cognitive biases should be distinguished from logical fallacies, which are characteristically "errors" or flaws in reasoning that stem from poor argumentation skills or ignorance of valid rules of inference.
Cognitive biases are distinguished from psychoanalytic cognitive bias, which is not a logical flaw in reasoning but an emotional one. They should also be distinguished from theoretical fallacies, which are errors in logic that stem from the violation of basic rules of inference.
There are several types of cognitive bias, but they can be categorized into two major groups: cognitive biases that arise from an individual's information processing methods and/or human nature; and cognitive biases that are due to the social environment in which people develop and function.
For example, in the first group are biases like Focusing Effect (attribution of greater importance to more salient information), Framing Effects, Availability Heuristic (judgments that depend on the most easily available information), and Anchoring Bias. In addition, there is also Selection Bias, which is a preference for some types of evidence over others.
In the second group are biases like Group Think (the tendency to conform to a majority view); Social Facilitation (increased performance in presence of others) and Social Judgmental Bias; Illusory Superiority Bias, Illusion of Control, etc.
Some researchers consider Cognitive Bias to be the result of both an individual's information processing methods and social environment.